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Personal Recovery
The focus of “recovery” is that people with mental illness could learn about how to overcome obstacles brought by mental illness in the process of recovery, hence live a life with dignity and meaning. The term “personal recovery” not only refers to restoring to the original states, but also restoring energy and start over again. “Personal recovery” not only measures if people in recovery restore to their original states, it but also stresses on personal experience, self-acceptance, personal growth and re-emergence of vitality in the process, hence the positive outcomes they bring along.
Origin of recovery
The concept of personal recovery is first advocated by a drug rehabilitation self-help group, followed by recovery campaigns in 1970s. Support groups of people with mental illness later adopted the concept of recovery. In recent years, the concept of recovery has been continuously modified and explained. It is not only widely adopted in self-help groups, it is but also applied in formal psychiatric rehabilitation services and service systems for addiction. Hong Kong is still in its initial stage and some service providing organizations and hospitals are now starting to apply the concept of recovery in their psychiatric rehabilitation services.
Hope
It is not saying positive words to yourself, or sending the message that “you can do it because I could”. It is to have hope and confidence for the future and believe that pain is just temporary and transient.
Holistic
Mental illness does not define one’s entire life, and “people in recovery” is just one of the many identities of an individual. Therefore, it is important to understand that everyone has different identities in life and there are various parts of life. One shall also focus on the body, mind, spirit, and social participation, and take good care of every single part of life instead of merely focusing on the illness.
Self-directed
People in recovery have the autonomy to choose the service they are receiving and their recovery pathway.
Individualized
Everyone is unique, and so are people in recovery. They might have different will, ability, need, and experience, and thus choosing different recovery pathways. Therefore, even though people might have the same mental illness, their experiences are distinct and their recovery shall be individualized.
Peer support
Through sharing from people in recovery who had significant improvement, people in recovery can encourage one another and learn from others’ successful experience. People shall also focus on empathy, understand other’s feelings from the perspective of a person with similar experience instead of holding the attitude of “you can do it because I could”.
Interpersonal relationship and social network
Family, friends, community, or religious groups can offer more support to enhance the sense of belonging of people in recovery and help them let go of the unhealthy and unhappy life.
Non-linear
The process of recovery is not linear, and that there might be setbacks, ups and downs. The key is to hold on to an accepting attitude, learn from experience, and believe that these experiences will promote personal growth. Just as physical health could varies across time, mental health would also share similar characteristic. What is most important is to live with one’s illness; we can have a fulfilling life even though we are living with illness.
Living with trauma
People who have had painful experience such as violence, sexual abuse, family violence, war, disaster are more prone to alcohol and substance abuse and other mental health issues. Through providing them with service and support, we hope to enhance the physical and psychological sense of security of people in recovery, and hence trust.
Strength-based
The focus should be personal strengths instead of symptoms. People in recovery have their own strengths to help with their own recovery process in individual, family, and community aspect. People in recovery have to understand, value, and appreciate their strengths, and make use of their strengths to take care of themselves and utilize them in their process of recovery.
Respect
It is important to focus on the personal values and uniqueness, and respect each individual. Respect and acceptance towards people in recovery from society and the public can reduce labeling and discrimination, which enhance confidence of people in recovery and help them to reintegrate into their lives. People in recovery respect shall also respect each other’s differences.
Hope
It is not saying positive words to yourself, or sending the message that “you can do it because I could”. It is to have hope and confidence for the future and believe that pain is just temporary and transient.
Holistic
Mental illness does not define one’s entire life, and “people in recovery” is just one of the many identities of an individual. Therefore, it is important to understand that everyone has different identities in life and there are various parts of life. One shall also focus on the body, mind, spirit, and social participation, and take good care of every single part of life instead of merely focusing on the illness.
Self-directed
People in recovery have the autonomy to choose the service they are receiving and their recovery pathway.
Individualized
Everyone is unique, and so are people in recovery. They might have different will, ability, need, and experience, and thus choosing different recovery pathways. Therefore, even though people might have the same mental illness, their experiences are distinct and their recovery shall be individualized.
Peer support
Through sharing from people in recovery who had significant improvement, people in recovery can encourage one another and learn from others’ successful experience. People shall also focus on empathy, understand other’s feelings from the perspective of a person with similar experience instead of holding the attitude of “you can do it because I could”.
Interpersonal relationship and social network
Family, friends, community, or religious groups can offer more support to enhance the sense of belonging of people in recovery and help them let go of the unhealthy and unhappy life.
Non-linear
The process of recovery is not linear, and that there might be setbacks, ups and downs. The key is to hold on to an accepting attitude, learn from experience, and believe that these experiences will promote personal growth. Just as physical health could varies across time, mental health would also share similar characteristic. What is most important is to live with one’s illness; we can have a fulfilling life even though we are living with illness.
Living with trauma
People who have had painful experience such as violence, sexual abuse, family violence, war, disaster are more prone to alcohol and substance abuse and other mental health issues. Through providing them with service and support, we hope to enhance the physical and psychological sense of security of people in recovery, and hence trust.
Strength-based
The focus should be personal strengths instead of symptoms. People in recovery have their own strengths to help with their own recovery process in individual, family, and community aspect. People in recovery have to understand, value, and appreciate their strengths, and make use of their strengths to take care of themselves and utilize them in their process of recovery.
Respect
It is important to focus on the personal values and uniqueness, and respect each individual. Respect and acceptance towards people in recovery from society and the public can reduce labeling and discrimination, which enhance confidence of people in recovery and help them to reintegrate into their lives. People in recovery respect shall also respect each other’s differences.
Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Association (SAMHSA, 2012).
Personal recovery versus Medical recovery
The difference between personal recovery and the medical model can be explained in terms of basic concept, practice, and goal:
Basic concept
Medical model
Revolve around science, medical history, result of diagnosis, treatment, and participation of medical staff and patients
Personal recovery
Revolve around humanitarianism, personal experience, meaning, growth, and also the participation of trained and experienced expert (including people with mental illness and caregiver)
Way to practice
Medical model
Mainly focus on illness and symptoms, put symptoms alleviation as basis, and encourage people in recovery to adapt the recovery plan passively and submissively
Personal recovery
Focus on understanding personal condition, respect the will of people with mental illness, put personal hope, goal, and ability as basis, and allow people with mental illness to learn to self-manage, and hence enhance autonomy
Goal of service
Medical model
The chief medical staff determines the goal, mainly aiming at controlling illness, preventing relapse and restoring to the level before illness
Personal recovery
They goal is determined by people with mental illness, mainly aiming at enhancing holistic health, gaining self-control, and achieving growth and transformation instead of just restoration.
*Source: Slade, M. (2009). Differences between traditional and recovery-oriented services.
Although there are differences between “personal recovery” and “medical model”, both can co-exist. As we are carrying out “personal recovery”, it does not mean that symptoms alleviation, the science of treatment, medical history of patients, result of diagnosis, treatment, and participation of medical staff are not important.
The breakthrough of “personal recovery”
Why do we carry out “recovery”? This is because…
1.
Recovery refers to that you can have a fulfilling and flourishing life no matter how your body condition is. Recovery is not only about reducing/mitigating symptoms, but also about being able to manage one’s own life, having satisfactory academic/work performance, and social participation.
2.
The process of recovery is a healing and transformation journey. People in recovery can autonomously choose to have meaningful life and realize own potential.
3.
Recovery is also the process of accepting, respecting, and reducing the negatively influence of the illness had on people in recovery. It is to let people with mental illness explore and build up their values and interests. Also, to develop their identities and life that is beyond “mental health patient”.
Besides the change experienced by people in recovery, their caregivers may also experience these changes together In the process of recovery. In the process of recovery, not only people with mental illness have emotion upheavals, their family, friends, or other caregivers may also experience times of feeling anxious and depressed, having growth, and feeling hopeful.

*Source: Davidson et al., 2009, SAMHSA/div>
Social support
Support from society is crucial to people with mental illness. Research has shown that adequate social support can enhance mental health, self-esteem, autonomy, empowerment, and quality of life, therefore facilitating personal recovery. People in recovery who have received community volunteering services also indicated that they felt more social support and their holistic health had shown a trend of enhancement.
The relationship between recovery and family

1.
Besides the change experienced by people in recovery, their family members might also experience these changes together in the process of recovery.
2.
Family members might feel anxious and depressed while experiencing growth and feeling hopeful.
3.
Recovery includes people in recovery and their families.
To understand the process of recovery, family members can
1.
Attend training and learn how to assist people in recovery in the recovery process
2.
Participate in discussion and planning
3.
Participate and help to develop recovery-based services
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